New lab trick makes diamonds without extreme pressure

It involves growing diamonds in a liquid of gallium, iron, nickel and silicon

Four diamonds of varying hues are shown on a black background

Scientists can make diamonds, like these, in the lab. Some lab-grown diamonds are made in liquid metal at high pressure. A new technique makes diamonds at normal pressure and on Earth’s surface.

LIONEL BONAVENTURE/AFP via Getty Images

Diamonds in nature famously form under immense pressure in Earth’s mantle. But a new lab technique allows diamonds to skip the squeeze. 

It grows diamonds at normal pressure on Earth’s surface.

The process starts with a liquid of gallium, iron, nickel and silicon. Researchers then expose that liquid to a carbon-rich methane gas as well as to hydrogen. Carbon atoms dissolve in the liquid. Now they’re free to lock together in a diamond’s crystal structure.

Scientists described this new process April 24 in Nature. 

Silicon, in particular, seemed to kick-start the early stages of diamond growth. This element allowed a tiny bit of diamond to come together, says Rodney Ruoff. From that, the rest of a crystal could grow. Ruoff is a physical chemist who worked on the research. He’s based at the Institute for Basic Science Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials. That’s in Ulsan, South Korea.

The most common way to make synthetic diamonds is called HPHT growth. Those initials stand for high pressure and high temperature. HPHT requires some 5 gigapascals of pressure. That’s similar to the pressure in Earth’s upper mantle where natural diamonds form. HPHT also requires high heat — around 1,400° Celsius (2,550° Fahrenheit). In such extreme conditions, carbon will dissolve into a liquid metal, which allows diamond crystals to form. 

A sheet of diamonds made in a laboratory with a scale bar reading "500 nm."
This sheet of diamonds was grown within a liquid of gallium, iron, nickel and silicon.Institute for Basic Science

The new technique doesn’t just avoid needing immense pressures. It also requires somewhat lower temps: just 1,025 °C (1,900 °F).

Engineers can also make diamonds in the lab through a low-pressure process. It’s called CVD, for chemical vapor deposition. Here, a carbon-rich gas gloms onto a surface.

CVD — like HPHT — needs a starting seed of diamond to grow more. The new technique doesn’t. It basically needs no expensive or complex equipment at all, Ruoff says.

CVD and HPHT are already widely used to make jewelry. The technique created by Ruoff’s team might someday make similar bling. But diamonds are a tool in science, too. Devices made of diamond can sense magnetic fields, for instance. Other diamond devices can search for never-before-seen subatomic particles.

Science News physics writer Emily Conover studied physics at the University of Chicago. She loves physics for its ability to reveal the secret rules about how stuff works, from tiny atoms to the vast cosmos.